THE IMPACT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PRODUCTIVITY

The purpose of the study is to test the impact of supply chain management practices on productivity of the organisation. Additionally, investigated the relationship between supply chain management practices and organisational productivity. The type of research used is descriptive in nature.. The study was conducted on the basis of various factors like risk management, process, delivery and planning and how organisational productivity can be improved through these factors of supply chain management practices. The paper revealed that there is a relationship between supply chain management practices and organisational productivity. It also revealed that there is an impact of supply chain management practices on organisational productivity. As far as the researcher is aware,this paper is rst to investigate the impact of supply chain management practices on organisational productivity with factors like quality management, inventory management and transportation and the researcher has done the study on different factors like risk management, planning, process and delivery

Counterfeit medicines: relevance, consequences and strategies to combat the global crisis

Abstract Counterfeiting of medicines, also known as "falsification" or "adulteration", is the process in which the identity, origin, or history of genuine medicines are intentionally modified. Currently, counterfeit medicines are a global crisis that affects and is mostly caused by developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. These countries lack strict law enforcement against this practice and have low-income populations with medicinal needs. Lately, the crisis has escalated, impacting developed countries as well, e.g., the US and the EU, mainly via the Internet. Despite this extension, some current laws aim to control and minimize the crisis' magnitude. Falsification of medicines maintains an illegitimate supply chain that is connected to the legitimate one, both of which are extremely complex, making such falsification difficult to control. Furthermore, political and economic causes are related to the crisis' hasty growth, causing serious consequences for individuals and public health, as well as for the economy of different countries. Recently, organizations, technologies and initiatives have been created to overcome the situation. Nevertheless, the development of more effective measures that could aggregate all the existing strategies into a large functioning network could help prevent the acquisition of counterfeit medicines and create awareness among the general population.

Desafios da Segurança da Saúde Global em tempos de pandemia: O acesso a Equipamentos de Proteção Individual na crise da covid-19 / Global Health Security Challenges in times of pandemic: Access to Personal Protective Equipment in the Covid-19 Crisis

Resumo Este artigo aborda a fragilidade do sistema de Segurança da Saúde Global, enfocando a distribuição de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPI) durante crises sanitárias e tendo como foco e ponto de partida a pandemia de covid-19. A escassez de EPI foi agravada por fatores como alta taxa de transmissão do vírus, falta de treinamento adequado sobre seu uso e descarte, flexibilização das diretrizes de uso prolongado, reutilização do equipamento e restrições à exportação de produtos de saúde. O colapso da cadeia de suprimentos globais de EPI expôs os profissionais de saúde na linha de frente, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda, devido à infraestrutura de saúde inadequada e à disparidade socioeconômica. A falta de ação efetiva para manter e distribuir equitativamente os estoques de EPI existentes exacerbou sua escassez, comprometendo o enfrentamento eficaz à pandemia. Para fortalecer a resiliência dos sistemas de saúde, é necessário desenvolver estratégias para garantir a segurança e equidade na cadeia de suprimentos global de produtos de saúde, por meio de redes interconectadas e redundantes de fornecedores. A colaboração internacional e investimentos em mecanismos multilaterais desempenham um papel crucial na construção de uma Segurança da Saúde Global mais resiliente.

Abstract This article addresses the precariousness of the Global Health Security system, focusing on the distribution of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during health crises and taking the COVID-19 pandemic as a departure point and a center. The shortage of PPE was exacerbated by factors such as the high transmission rate of the virus, inadequate training on its use and disposal, flexibility in guidelines regarding prolonged use and reuse of equipment, and restrictions on the export of healthcare products. The collapse of the global PPE supply chain has exposed frontline healthcare workers, especially in low- and middle-income countries, due to inadequate healthcare infrastructure and socioeconomic disparities. The lack of effective action to maintain and equitably distribute existing PPE stocks further exacerbated their shortage, compromising the effective response to the pandemic. To strengthen the resilience of healthcare systems, strategies need to be developed to ensure safety and equity in the global supply chain of healthcare products, with interconnected and redundant networks of suppliers. International collaboration and investments in multilateral mechanisms play a crucial role in building a more resilient Global Health Security.

Vulnerabilidades em saúde e a importância da integração da produção local de medicamentos estratégicos para o SUS / Health vulnerabilities and the importance of integrating local production of strategic medicines for the SUS

Resumo A existência de uma cadeia de suprimentos local fortalecida é condição essencial para o acesso universal à saúde. Esse artigo permite avançar para uma agenda de políticas públicas para envolver todo o sistema produtivo da saúde, incluindo componentes estratégicos da cadeia produtiva para além dos insumos farmacêuticos ativos (IFA), sem os quais, o acesso universal e a soberania em saúde se tornam inviáveis, vulnerabilizando o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) brasileiro. Com essa perspectiva, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica qualitativa, com observação de campo entre informantes-chave da cadeia de suprimentos da produção de medicamentos do principal Laboratório Farmacêutico Oficial do país. O resultado mostrou que, assim como os insumos farmacêuticos ativos, existem outros itens estratégicos para a saúde na cadeia de suprimentos que se configuram em gargalos tecnológicos. Com isso, espera-se ter contribuído para a ampliação do debate sobre as vulnerabilidades em saúde, relacionando a estrutura produtiva e econômica ao acesso universal, contribuindo, em âmbito nacional e internacional, no estabelecimento de um elo teórico entre a economia, a produção local e os direitos sociais.

Abstract A strengthened local supply chain is an essential and highly relevant condition for universal access to health care. This article enables a movement towards a public policy agenda that involve the entire productive health system, including strategic components of the production chain beyond active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), without which universal health access and health sovereignty become unfeasible, leaving the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) vulnerable. Within this perspective, qualitative bibliographic research was conducted together with field observation among key informants of the drug production supply chain from Brazil's main Official Pharmaceutical Laboratory. Results showed that in addition to active pharmaceutical ingredients, other strategic health care items in the supply chain also constitute technological bottlenecks. These findings may contribute to expand the debate on health vulnerabilities, relating the productive and economic structure to universal access, thus establishing, nationally and internationally, a theoretical link between the economy, production local and social rights.

Can Drug Price Controls Help Patients Get a Better Deal? A SWOT Analysis

@#Introduction: Due to the increasing rate of drug prices and overall healthcare inflation, stakeholders from the pharmaceutical industry and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are voicing their concerns about the possible reciprocal effects in the long run. Drug price controls (DPCs) regulation is crucial to ensure affordability and indirectly reduce congestion in public healthcare facilities. This study aims to identify the SWOT analysis of the DPCs in Malaysia and how it will impact the drug supply chain. Methods: The study adopted a subjective environmental scanning method and a SWOT analysis tool to examine the Malaysian pharmaceutical DPCs in the healthcare supply chain (HSC) ecosystem through both intrinsic and extrinsic perspectives. Results: The immediate effect of DPCs would be beneficial, especially to the patients and the government. Balancing the right amount of control and liberalization of the market is seen to be the biggest factor contributing to the policy’s effect on the drug supply chain. The main concern would be the long-term effect as mixed results are coming from a group of countries that had implemented a similar policy. Conclusion: Notwithstanding the qualitative methodology of the paper, the findings could provide a better understanding of the price of drugs in Malaysia’s HSC and serve as a foundation for future studies. This paper proposes a new way to diversify the DPCs economy by entering the HSC chain industry.

Effect of Supply Chain Disruption in Dental Practice During Covid-19 Pandemic: An Indian Perspective

Disruption during Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the need of healthcare supply chain management in order to achieve effective delivery of health services. Though, considerable efforts have been undertaken on managing the healthcare supply chain disruptions in India but there is paucity of literature which documented the effect of supply chain disruptions in dental practices during covid-19 pandemic. During pandemic, the disruptions in production and distribution of dental products were seen in India. Indian dental market is largely dependent on imports and there is scarcity of local production units. The main dental companies reported significant decline in production during the first wave of Covid-19. The in-crease in demand for dental supplies was seen with shutdown, shortage of labour and scarcity of raw materials. Disruption rippled through the supply chain and this was caused by large distortion in de-mand. This phenomenon led to bullwhip effect. This bullwhip effect crisis led to increased cost in dental practices. Covid19 has shown significant lack of resilience in Indian dental healthcare supply chain. This study identified few loopholes in dental supply chain and suggested the way forward for managing the supply chain disruptions. It seems that there is need of more comprehensive research on dental supply chain resilience from Indian perspective to prevent disruptions particularly in emergent situations.

Large-scale Hospital Material Supply Chain Practice under Closed-loop Management / 中国医疗器械杂志

In the context of public health emergencies, a Hospital used the existing SPD supply chain model as a basis, research and practice proceeded simultaneously and formed a set of "three-group three-port" emergency plan by itself. The program played a positive role and effectiveness in this emergency incident, assisting the hospital to obtain a valuable experience in closed-loop management of emergency supplies. This article elaborated on how the hospital can supply materials in case of emergency medical supplies shortage after emergencies by focusing on the three groups of closed-loop working group, inventory management group, and material procurement group, and the three ports of material storage port, logistics receiving and dispatching port, and closed-loop releasing port. In the case of emergency medical supplies being in short supply after emergencies, how can hospitals ensure adequate and balanced supply of supplies; barrier-free demand information; command and dispatch without chaos and reasonable deployment; materials receiving and dispatching are efficient and distributed in an orderly manner.

Process risk assessment of vaccine supply chain based on combination weighting method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To identify and evaluate the risk factors in the operation process of the vaccine supply chain ，clarify the importance of each process risk in the overall risk of the vaccine supply chain ，and provide reference for stakeholders in the vaccine supply chain to formulate risk management and control strategies. METHODS In the supply chain operation reference model，the risk factors existing in the operation of vaccine supply chain were identified ，and the vaccine supply chain risk evaluation index system was constructed. The best-worst method and entropy weight method were used to determine the subjective and objective weight of the index ，and the Lagrange multiplier method was used to solve the optimal combination weight value of the index. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS A vaccine supply chain risk evaluation index system with 18 indexes was established. Only 67％ of the indexes reflected 85％ of the vaccine supply chain risk information. The construction of the system was reasonable. The results showed that the risk weight of production process was 0.607，which accounts for the highest weight in the overall risk of vaccine supply chain ，followed by procurement （0.234），distribution（0.102），planning（0.053）and return （0.004） process risk . When managing and controlling risks ，enterprises should attach great importance to the risk factors in vaccine production；at the same time ，enterprises should also focus on other risks such as unqualified materials for products ，mixed use of materials and so on.

El Problema de la Recogida de Productos Defectuosos en el Mercado: Enfoques Académicos y Legales / The Product Recall Problem: Academic and Legal Approaches / O Problema da Recolha de Produtos Defeitos no Mercado: Abordagens Acadêmicas e Jurídicas

Resumen Introducción: el estudio de las campañas de retiro de productos defectuosos del mercado {recalls} es un tema vigente y complejo en el contexto de la gestión de la calidad en cadenas de suministro para garantizar la seguridad y la protección de los consumidores. Objetivo: identificar los principales enfoques académicos y legales utilizados a nivel nacional e internacional para el diseño y ejecución de estrategias de retiro de productos. Materiales y métodos: se aplicó un enfoque exploratorio de la investigación, a través de una revisión de literatura y análisis bibliométrico con Vosviewer, considerando los artículos publicados en el periodo entre 1999 y 2019, en las bases de datos Taylor and Francis, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, IEEE, Google académico y Proquest. Resultados: se evidenció un crecimiento en el número de recalls en los últimos 20 años, especialmente en la industria de juguetes (161 %), sector automotriz (140%), productos de belleza (70 %) y suministros eléctricos (64 %). Las principales metodologías para el estudio de los recalls son de naturaleza cualitativa. Conclusiones: son requeridos nuevos aportes académicos orientados al desarrollo de modelos y metodologías que permitan involucrar a todos los miembros de la cadena de suministro en el diseño y ejecución de estrategias coordinadas para disminuir los riesgos de ocurrencia de productos defectuosos o inseguros en el mercado.

Abstract Introduction: the recall study is a current and complex issue of supply chain quality management to ensure the safety and protection of consumers. Objective: identify the main national and international academic and legal approaches used to design and perform product recall strategies. Materials and Methods: an exploratory research approach was applied, through a literature review and bibliometric analysis with the Vosviewer software, by considering the articles published between 1999 and 2019 in the databases Taylor and Francis, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus databases, Springer Link, IEEE, Google Scholar, and Proquest. Results: there was an increase in the number of recalls in the last 20 years, especially in the toy industry (161 %), the automotive sector (140 %), beauty products (70 %) and electrical supplies (64 %). The main methodologies for studying product recalls are qualitative ones. Conclusions: new academic contributions are required for developing models and methodologies that allow all the supply chain members to be involved in designing and performing coordinated strategies to reduce the risks of defective or unsafe products in the market.

Resumo Introdução: o estudo de recolha de produtos defeitos é uma questão actual e complexa de gestão da qualidade da cadeia de abastecimento para garantir a segurança e a protecção dos consumidores. Objetivo: identificar as principais abordagens acadêmicas e jurídicas nacionais e internacionais utilizadas para conceber e executar estratégias de recolha de produtos. Materiais e métodos: foi aplicada uma abordagem de pesquisa exploratória, por meio de uma revisão da literatura e análise bibliométrica com Vosviewer, considerando os artigos publicados no período entre 1999 e 2019, nas bases de dados de Taylor e Francis, EBSCO, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, IEEE, Google Scholar e Proquest. Resultados: houve um aumento no número de recalls nos últimos 20 anos, principalmente na indústria de brinquedos (161 %), no setor automotivo (140 %), produtos de beleza (70 %) e suprimentos elétricos (64 %). As principais metodologias para o estudo de recalls são de natureza qualitativa. Conclusões: são necessárias novas contribuições académicas para o desenvolvimento de modelos e metodologias que permitam a todos os membros da cadeia de fornecimento estarem envolvidos na concepção e execução de estratégias coordenadas para reduzir os riscos de produtos defeituosos ou inseguros no mercado.

Study on Performance Indicator System of Green Supply Chain in Pharmaceutical Industry / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide refe rence for improving the performance of drug supply chain and sustainable development of the pharmaceutical industry in China . METHODS ：By collecting literatures and combining with the characteristics of drug supply chain ，the questionnaire was designed with Likert 5 scale. After the questionnaire was tested and modified by 10 experts，a preliminary index system framework was formed. The formal questionnaire was prepared by the questionnaire test method；37 experts were consulted by Delphi method ，the index weight was determined by AHP method ，and the index reliability was tested by statistical analysis method ；finally，a pharmaceutical enterprise was taken as an example to measure the index system. RESULTS ：The positive coefficient of the first round of expert consultation was 100％，and that of the second round was 94.59％；average degree of authority of experts was 0.832 6；expert coordination coefficient of the first round was 0.218 2，and that of the second round was 0.396 5. The green supply chain performance indicator system of the pharmaceutical industry included 6 first-level indicators and 26 second-level indicators ，such as drug greenness ，green marketing ，operation process ，drug quality ， drug safety and drug economy. The consistency ratio of the first-level indexes and all second-level indexes were all less than 0.1， the overall Cronbach ’s α coefficient of the index system was 0.892 1. The measured results of a pharmaceutical enterprise showed that the highest score of the pharmaceutical enterprise was the “drug quality ”index，with an absolute score of 3.962 7；the lowest score was the “drug greenness ”index，with an absolute score of 2.297 9. The green supply chain performance evaluation score was 3.167 8，which was at a medium level. CONCLUSIONS ：The established index system has good reliability and validity ，and is expected to provide reference for the performance evaluation of green supply chain in China ’s pharmaceutical industry.

Research on Dual-channel Pricing Strategy of Pharmaceutical Retailing Considering Medical Insurance Payment Policy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the drug retailers when making dual-channel pricing decisions in China. METHODS：Based on the analysis of the existing literature and the characteristics of drug supply chain ，taking the dual-channel drug retailers as the research object ，the effects of medical insurance payment policy ，consumers’risk aversion factor and inconvenience cost on consumers ’decision-making behavior were considered ，and dual-channel pricing strategy model for drug retailers was constructed. The reverse induction method was adopted to analyze and solve the model ，obtain the optimal pricing and optimal profit function of the drug retailer. The numerical simulation was adopted to simulate and analyze the effects of consumer medical insurance payment utility ，risk aversion factor and inconvenience cost on drug retailer dual-channel pricing and profits. RESULTS：When the utility of medical insurance payment increased ，the pricing of drugstores and the total profit of dual-channel of drug retailers would increase ；while consumers ’risk aversion factor and inconvenience cost showed a U-shaped trend with retailer ’s dual-channel total profits. In addition ，compared with existing e-commerce platforms ，retailers could make more profits by building their own e-commerce platforms. CONCLUSIONS ：Medical insurance payment policy has a great impact on the profits of dual-channel drug retailers. Drug retailers should continue to pay attention to the trend of relevant national policies and ensure their own profits by adjusting pricing in time. When medical insurance payment utility is in low level ，dual-channel drug retailers can ensure market demand by reducing the retail price of drugstores ，and should use flexible sales strategies to attract consumers. For consumers’risk aversion and inconvenience cost ，drug retailers can adopt strategies such as providing distribution services for consumers with high inconvenience cost.

Selección de proveedores de insumos críticos en términos de sostenibilidad, a través de la metodología multicriterio, en una empresa del sector azucarero / Suppliers' selection of critical supplies in terms of sustainability, through the use of multi-criteria methodology, in sugar sector Company / Selecção de fornecedores de inputs críticos em termos de sustentabilidade, através da metodologia multicritério, numa empresa do sector do açúcar

RESUMEN Se presentan aquí, los resultados de una investigación teórico-práctica, en la cual se abarcó el eslabón de suministro, en una cadena de abastecimiento, en una empresa del sector azucarero en el Valle del Cauca. Para la selección de proveedores de insumos críticos, se aplicó la metodología multicriterio, considerando criterios que iban más allá del costo, tomando como referencia una clasificación de insumos de acuerdo a su criticidad en términos de sostenibilidad, para el proceso productivo. Inicialmente, se hizo una caracterización y una selección de los insumos críticos, en términos de sostenibilidad. Igualmente, se identificaron los proveedores para los insumos seleccionados. Luego, y en consenso con un comité escogido al interior de la empresa, se seleccionó y aplicó el método de jerarquía analítica AHP (Analytic Hierarcgy Process). Finalmente, se tomó la decisión más acorde a los requerimientos reales de la organización, los cuales consideraban como criterio principal la sostenibilidad, para alcanzar la competitividad y el desarrollo sostenible. Esto contribuirá con el tiempo, a que la organización sea económicamente viable, ambientalmente soportable y socialmente equitativa. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL 181

ABSTRACT We undertake a theoretical-practical investigation in which we study the supply function carried out by a company in the sugar sector at the Valle del Cauca. For the selection of critical input suppliers, we apply a multi-criteria methodology in which we take into account other criteria besides cost by considering a supplies' classification based on how critical these supplies are for the production process in terms of sustainability Initially we classify and select supplies that are more critical in regards to sustainability. Likewise, the suppliers for the selected inputs were identified. Then, in agreement with a committee chosen within the company we select and apply the analytical hierarchy method AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Finally according to the real requirements of the organization, the most appropriate decision is made, which considers sustainability as the main criterion to achieve competitiveness and sustainable development. This will contribute to an economically feasible, environmentally bearable, and socially equitable company JEL CLASSIFICATION 181

RESUMO São aqui apresentados os resultados de uma investigação teórico-prática, que abrangeu o elo de abastecimento de uma cadeia de abastecimento de uma empresa do sector do açúcar no Valle del Cauca. Para a selecção de fornecedores de inputs críticos foi aplicada a metodologia multicritérios, considerando critérios que iam além do custo, tomando como referência uma classificação dos inputs de acordo com a sua criticidade em termos de sustentabilidade, para o processo produtivo. Inicialmente, foi feita uma caracterização e selecção de inputs críticos em termos de sustentabilidade. Do mesmo modo, foram identificados os fornecedores dos factores de produção seleccionados. Em seguida, e em consenso com um comité escolhido na empresa, foi seleccionado e aplicado o método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). Finalmente, foi tomada a decisão mais consentânea com os requisitos reais da organização, que considerou a sustentabilidade como o principal critério para alcançar a competitividade e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Isto contribuirá, com o tempo, para tornar a organização economicamente viável, ambientalmente sustentável e socialmente equitativa. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL 181

Desafios para a gestão de estoques em empresas de distribuição de bens de consumo / Desafíos para la gestión de inventarios en empresas de distribución de bienes de consumo / Challenges for inventory management in consumer goods distribution companies

Resumo Introdução: As empresas dos canais de distribuição têm como principal função intermediar transações entre os fornecedores e revendas. Além disso, elas servem como agentes entre as revendas e os usuários finais comissionando à revenda. Este artigo foi desenvolvido em uma distribuidora nacional de automação, com 20 anos neste mercado que apresenta problemas no estoque como: rupturas e excessos, buscando ações para minimizar estes principais problemas. Objetivo: O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar e contextualizar estas variáveis, podendo assim identificar sugestões de ações de melhorias de como evitar problemas em gestão de estoques. Materiais e métodos: A metodologia utilizada foi a análise qualitativa, tendo como método de pesquisa o estudo de caso único. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado e avaliadas as informações do banco de dados da empresa. Foi elaborado um fluxograma do setor de compras e estoque para mapear o funcionamento do setor. Resultados: Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram a empresa acredita que tem um controle de estoque adequado, mas identificou a necessidade de melhorias, devido às frequentes rupturas no estoque, assim como os excessos de itens com baixo giro de vendas. Conclusões: Foram determinados ferramentas e indicadores de gestão de estoques para controlar os problemas de distribuição logística.

Resumen Introducción: Las empresas de los canales de distribución tienen como principal función intermediar transacciones entre los proveedores y reventas. Además, ellos sirven como agentes entre los revendedores y los usuarios finales comisionando a la reventa. Este artículo fue desarrollado en una distribuidora nacional de automatización, con 20 años en este mercado y que presenta problemas en el stock como rupturas y excesos, buscando acciones para minimizar estés problemas principales. Objetivo: El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar y contextualizar estas variables, pudiendo así identificar sugerencias de acciones de mejoras de cómo evitar problemas en la gestión de inventarios. Materiales y métodos: La metodología utilizada fue el análisis cualitativo, teniendo como método de investigación el estudio de caso. Se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado y evaluado la información de la base de datos de la empresa. Se elaboró un diagrama de flujo del sector de compras y stock para mapear el funcionamiento del sector. Resultados: Los resultados de la investigación evidenciaron que la empresa cree que tiene un control de inventario adecuado, pero identificó la necesidad de mejoras, debido a las frecuentes rupturas en el stock, así como los excesos de ítems con bajo giro de ventas. Conclusiones: Se han determinado herramientas e indicadores de gestión de stocks para controlar los problemas de distribución logística.

Abstract Introduction. Companies of distribution channels are mainly responsible broker transactions between suppliers and resellers. Additionally, they serve as agents between resellers and end-users commissioning resale. This article was developed in a national distributor of automation, with 20 years in this market that presents problems in stock as ruptures and excesses, actions seeking to minimize these core problems. Objective. The objective of the research was to analyze and contextualize these variables and thus identify suggestions for actions to improve how to avoid problems in inventory management. Materials and methods. The methodology was qualitative analysis, and as a research method, the single case study was analyzed. A structured questionnaire and evaluated information from the database of the company was applied. A flowchart of the purchasing and storage area was designed to map the functioning of the sector. Results. The results showed the company believes it has adequate inventory control, but identified the need for improvements due to frequent disruptions in stock, as well as the excess items with low sales turnover. Conclusions. Tools and inventory management indicators were determined to control the distribution logistics problems.

Assessment of cold chain equipments and their management in government health facilities in a District of Delhi: A cross-sectional descriptive study

Background: Cold chain equipments (CCEs) at health facilities (HFs) are an essential part of the immunization supply chain (ISC). The CCEs in government HFs of Delhi were never assessed using the World Health Organization-United Nations Children's Fund (WHO-UNICEF) Effective Vaccine Management (EVM) tool except that of state vaccine store during National EVM assessment 2013. Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the CCEs and their management in government HFs using the WHO-UNICEF EVM tool in a district of Delhi. Methods: The assessment was done during December 2017朚arch 2018 in one randomly selected district of Delhi. Sample size and site selection were done using the WHO EVM site selection tool. A total of 29 HFs were assessed along with District Vaccine Store. Questions on CCEs in EVM tool 1.0.9 were used for data collection. Results: Out of 56 electrical CCEs, 8.9% were nonfunctional, 48.2% were noncompliant with WHO standards, 5.4% were not chlorofluorocarbon free, 4.7% did not have temperature monitoring device, and 18.8% did not have stabilizer. Eighty-six percent of passive containers were compliant with the WHO standards. The storage capacity of electrical vaccine storage equipment was insufficient in 3.4%, passive container capacity in 65.5%, and ice packs preparation and storage capacity in 24.1% of HFs. There was no planned preventive maintenance of CCEs and no standard operating procedures for emergency event management. Conclusion: There was a shortage of vaccine storage, ice packs preparation and storage, and passive container capacity. Many CCEs used in ISC of assessed sites were noncompliant to the WHO standards. There was no PPM of CCEs and no guidelines for emergency event management.

Application Study of Medical Consumables Supply Chain Reengineering in Hospitals Based on SPD / 中国医疗器械杂志

The supply chain management of medical consumables in hospitals is an important guarantee for the improvement of clinical diagnosis and treatment. It requires continuous re-engineering and optimization on procurement and supplier management, costs and efficiency of daily operation. Based on the practical case of Shanghai Yueyang Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Hospital, the study discusses the practical path and key points as well as improvement results in hospital medical consumables supply chain re-engineering via SPD model. Also, the research can provide references on medical consumables supply chain management to large and medium-size hospitals.

Research on construction of Chinese medicinal materials supply chain collaborative management system from perspective of industrial clusters / 中草药

From the perspective of industrial clusters, the rapid development of the Chinese medicinal materials industry faces the challenges of improving quality and efficiency and transforming and upgrading. The core problem is how to improve the anti-risk ability, resilience, and competition of the Chinese medicinal material supply chain through collaborative management of the supply chain. The particularity of Chinese medicinal materials determines the formation of Chinese medicinal materials industrial clusters with specific natural, social, and industrial conditions. From the perspective of industrial clusters, the supply chain of Chinese medicinal materials also presents unique structural characteristics. Based on the analysis of the formation conditions of the traditional Chinese medicine industry cluster and the structural characteristics of the traditional Chinese medicine supply chain, on the basis of clarifying the connotation of collaborative management of the traditional Chinese medicine supply chain from the perspective of the industrial cluster, it is proposed to establish a supply chain collaborative management mechanism at the macro level, the meso level reconstructs the supply chain business process system and optimizes the supply chain function coordination mode at the micro level to build a collaborative management system for the supply chain of Chinese medicinal materials.

Strategy and mechanism of green productivity realization in green supply chain of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

The innovation of Chinese materia medica (CMM) industry must abandon the traditional development model, clarify the connotation of green value of CMM industry supply chain, identify the improvement point of green value, innovate CMM green supply chain model, and realize the unity of economic value and environmental value of CMM industry. On the basis of analyzing the current situation of CMM green supply chain, we constructed the green value flow model of the CMM supply chain, meanwhile, analyzed the green value strategy by using the analytic hierarchy method to improve the green value strategy of the CMM supply chain, and then identified the strategy and mechanism to develop the green productivity of the CMM industry, and provided a reference for the green value creation and promotion of the CMM supply chain.

Analysis of the practical effect of deep cooperation on hospital pharmacy supply chain / 药学实践杂志

Under the background of a series of reform policy, more and more hospitals chose the depth mode of drug supply chain to reform the drug procurement and management.The concept of depth of drug supply chain cooperation, and practice of cooperative effect of the multi-angle analysis were summarized in the paper, which offered references to other hospitals.

Application of FMEA regulated drug supply chain collaborative service platform for drug-receiving in outpatient pharmacy / 药学实践杂志

Objective To strengthen the system of drug supply chain collaborative service platform in drug supply, decrease drug inventory backlog, and improve the outpatient pharmacy management capacity in outpatient pharmacy.Methods Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method was used to discover the potential risks in the drug supply chain collaborative service platform and formulate the corresponding improvement measures.Results The number of drug-receiving errors dropped from 137times to 32times and the risk reduction rate was 76.64％after improving the procurement process of the supply chain service platform, which significantly reduced the risk of contracting errors.Conclusion FMEA method could help to figure out the loopholes and hidden dangers of the pharmacy system, which made the outpatient pharmacy more reasonable and accurate by constantly improving the measures of the drug supply chain collaborative service platform.

Study on the Construction of Reverse Supply Chain for Expired Drugs under Block Chain Perspective / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for reducing the harm of expired drugs to public health， improving the technical level of drug recovery， and realizing the green recycling economy of drugs. METHODS： The literatures analysis and field investigation is conducted to analyze the development status and the main problems in the construction of the reverse supply chain of expired drugs. According to the technical characteristics of block chain， the feasibility of building the reverse supply chain of expired drugs is analyzed. In order to verify the feasibility of the application of block chain technology in the construction of the expired drug reverse supply chain， this paper attempts to build the expired drug reverse supply chain from the perspective of block chain， and uses the system dynamics method to build a simulation model for each participant in the drug reverse supply chain and its operationing efficiency. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： The reverse supply chain of expired drugs constructed by the block chain technology could effectively solve the main problems of the reverse supply chain of expired drugs in China， such as many levels of participants， high logistics cost， low level of information. The simulation results showed when using block chain technology， the recovery efficiency and recovery quantity of each participant in the supply chain were significantly increased. The recovery efficiency of consumers and retailers increased from 20％ to 83％， and those of distributors and manufacturers increased from 40％ and 50％ to 83％， respectively. The recovery quantity of each participant also increased significantly with the increase of recovery efficiency. In the actual construction of the reverse supply chain of expired drugs， the enterprises involved in the drug supply chain should be taken as the leading role， and the multi-party participation of government agencies， industry platforms and consumers should be emphasized. Drug supply chain participating enterprises should use block chain technology to strengthen information communication between enterprises， establish an efficient information platform， and promote and guide consumers to actively participate in the construction of the reverse supply chain of expired drugs. The government should give full play to the guiding role of policy and strengthen the policy guarantee； the industry platform should learn from international advanced cases to form industry standards for the recovery process of expired drugs； consumers should fully understand the hazards of expired drugs and actively participate in the recovery of expired drugs.